News Values Jurnalistik Online

 News Values

Adalah Johan Galtung & Mari Holmboe Ruge1 yang lima puluh lima tahun lalu (1965) menerbitkan sebuah artikel penting (seminal article) tentang 12 faktor yang menentukan sesuatu hal atau peristiwa (events) dipilih sebagai berita, atau layak disebut berita (​news worthiness)​ oleh para jurnalis. Kelayakan berita inilah yang kemudian dikenal sebagai news value (nilai berita), dan menjadi konsep penting dalam studi jurnalisme dan komunikasi.

Galtung & Ruge News Values (1965):

1. Frequency​: short-term events like murders are preferred over long-term developments like a famine

2. Threshold​: basically the size of an event indicates his importance

3. Unambiguity​: events do not have to be simple but they must be accessible to the public - i.e.

simplified by the media

4. Meaningfulness​: divided into two categories after Galtung and Ruge’s ‘Familiarity’: a) cultural

proximity in which the event agrees with the outlook of a specific culture; b) relevance where events will be reported and discussed if they seem to have an impact on the ‘home’ culture, especially athreat

5. Consonance​: or ‘correspondence’ where the familiar is more likely to be thought than the unfamiliar

6. Unexpectedness​: or ‘surprise’ where it is the rarity of an event whichleads to its circulation in the public domain; Dutton notes that the ‘newness’ of the event is usually processed through a familiar context. It has to work with 4 and 5.

7. Continuity​: once a story achieves importance will be continued to be covered for some time

8. Composition​: this is to provide a sense of balance, gloomy news with good news, foreign

with domestic.

9. Reference to elite nations​: events are more likely to be reported if they occur in the

developed world; the threshold system would apply for developing countries’ events to be

reported

10. Reference to elite persons​: the famous and the powerful are more newsworthy than ordinary

people

11. Personalisation​: events are seen as actions of people as individuals; an institution may be

personalised by reference to a prominent person within that organisation

12. Negativity​: bad news is good for the press and TV news; the threshold is much lower for bad news than for good news

Pada tahun 2001, studi Galtung & Ruge tentang ​news values​ yang sangat berpengaruh tersebut, diperbaharui oleh Tony Harcup & Deirdre O’Neill2

belajar disini

Harcup & O’Neill News Values (2001):

1. The power elite​: Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations or institutions.

2. Celebrity:​ Stories concerning people who are already famous..

3. Entertainment​: Stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines.

4. Surprise:​ Stories that have an element of surprise or contrast.

5. Bad news​: Stories with particularly negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy.

6. Goodnews:​Stories with particularly positive overtones, such as rescues and cures.

7. Magnitude:​ stories that are perceived as sufficiently significant either in the numbers of people involved or in potential impact.

8. Relevance: Stories about issues, groups and nations perceived to be relevan to the audience.

9. Follow-up​: Stories about subjects already in the news.

10. Newspaper agenda​: Stories that set or fit the news organisation’s own agenda

Pada tahun 2017, Harcup & O’Neill kemudian kembali memperbarui news values yang mereka pernah rumuskan tahun 20013

Harcup & O’Neill News Values (2017):

1. Exclusivity​: Stories generated by, or available first to, the news organisation as a result of interviews, letters, investigations, surveys, polls, and so on.

2. Bad news​: Stories with particularly negative overtones such as death, injury, defeat and loss (of a job, for example).

3. Conflict​: Stories concerning conflict such as controversies, arguments, splits, strikes, fights, insurrections and warfare.

4. Surprise​: Stories that have an element of surprise, contrast and/or the unusual about them.

5. Audio-visuals​: Stories that have arresting photographs, video, audio and/or which can be illustrated with infographics.

6. Shareability​: Stories that are thought likely to generate sharing and comments via Face-book, Twitter and other forms of social media.

7. Entertainment​: Soft stories concerning sex, showbusiness, sport, lighter human interest, animals, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, witty headlines or lists.

8. Drama​: Stories concerning an unfolding drama such as escapes, accidents, searches, sieges, rescues, battles or court cases.

9. Follow-up​: Stories about subjects already in the news.

10. The power elite​: Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations, institutions or corporations.

11. Relevance​: Stories about groups or nations perceived to be influential with, or culturally or historically familiar to, the audience.

12. Magnitude​: Stories perceived as sufficiently significant in the large numbers of people involved or in potential impact, or involving a degree of extreme behaviour or extreme occurrence.

13. Celebrity​: Stories concerning people who are already famous.

14. Good news​: Stories with particularly positive overtones such as recoveries, breakthroughs, cures, wins and celebrations.

15. News organisation’s agenda​: Stories that set or fit the news organisation’s own agenda, whether ideological, commercial or as part of a specific campaign.